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| 1852 |
| | | Scottish physicist William Thomson formulates the second law of thermodynamics, concerning the transfer of heat within a closed system | |
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| 1853 |
| | | The hypodermic syringe with a plunger is simultaneously developed in France and in Scotland | |
|  | Alexander Wood's hypodermic syringe
Wellcome Library, London
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| 1856 |
| | | Victoria and Albert complete their fairy-tale castle at Balmoral, adding greatly to the nation's romantic view of Scotland | |
|  | Balmoral Castle
Fotofile CG
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| c. 1864 |
| | | Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell presents to the Royal Society his discoveries in the field of electromagnetics, now known collectively as Maxwell's Equations | |
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| 1879 |
| | | An entire train, full of passengers, falls into the river Tay in Scotland when a bridge collapses in a winter gale | |
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| 1886 |
| | | The Crofters' Holdings Act provides security of tenure and other safeguards for Highland crofters in Scotland | |
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| 1886 |
| | | The Home Rule campaign for Ireland prompts a Scottish Home Rule Association to fight in a related cause | |
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| 1890 |
| | | A vast cantilever bridge, spanning a mile of water, carries the railway across the Firth of Forth in Scotland | |
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| 1890 |
| | | Scottish anthropologist James Frazer publishes The Golden Bough, a massive compilation of contemporary knowledge about ritual and religious custom | |
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| 1891 |
| | | A Gaelic pressure group, the Highland Association, is founded to preserve the indigenous poetry and music of Scotland | |
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